A Comparative Study on Educational Administration in
In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
IN-SERVICE TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAM
by
Joel Pierre Madrid Vivanco
Peru
Presented to
PROFESSOR CHIKUSA TOMOAKI
Academic Adviser
And
Sponsored by
THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT
And the
THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, CULTURE, SPORTS, SCIENCIE AND TECHNOLOGY
(MEXT)
MARCH 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgment Page
INTRODUCTION:
l Purpose of the research…………………………………………………………….1
l Education in Japan……………………………………………………………………..2
l Education in Perú……………………………………………………………………….4
1. ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN
l The System of Law in
l The Administrative Structure of National Government……………………12
l Government Structure for Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology………………………………………………………………………………13
l School Boards and Decentralization……………………………………………17
ü Educational Administration at the Prefecture and Municipal Level
ü Reform Movements in Educational Administration Decentralization)
2. EVALUATION AND SUPERVISION OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN
1. School Evaluation and School Management Evaluation in
2. Supervision of Educational Administration in
3. EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN
History ……………………………………………………………………………………..31
3.1 Organization of Educational Administration in
3.1.1 The System of Law in
3.1.2 School Boards and Decentralization……………………………………..40
3.2 Evaluation and Supervision of Educational Administration in
3.2.1 School Evaluation in
3.2.1 Supervision of Educational Administration in
4. COMPARATIVE TABLE ON EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION BETWEEN
5. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………….62
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………..65
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of my research is to find some guidelines for school administration based on the knowledge and experiences acquired through the training program and make a comparative study between Japanese and Peruvian Educational Administration. First, I have to document Japanese educational administration and the deployment of its related systems (historical and current) to understand the administration and the roles of local administrative offices of educational institutions in
Education plays a vital role in establishing a well-developed country, but Successful operation of an educational institution requires competent administrators. Education administrators provide instructional leadership and manage the day-to-day activities in schools, preschools, day care centers, and colleges and universities. They also direct the educational programs of businesses, correctional institutions, museums, and job training and community service organizations.
Friendship, brotherhood and permanent peace in our country and in the world is only possible with education that is guided by national and universal values. Each administrator to manage the educational processes in which individuals learn the necessary skills, knowledge, attitude and behavior to live happily in their countries and in the world are basically expected to have the administrative skills, knowledge, and experience, to produce national and world class service, to be equally “far” or “close” to each political opinion and belief.
EDUCATION IN
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) is responsible for educational administration.
Compulsory education Gimu kyoiku
In Japan, compulsory education (gimu kyoiku) is from elementary school to junior high school, for children between the ages of 6 and 15; six years in elementary school and three years in junior high school. All lessons are taught in Japanese.
The Japanese educational system was reformed after World War II. The old 6-5-3-3 system was changed to a 6-3-3-4 system (6 years of elementary school, 3 years of junior high school, 3 years of senior high school and 4 years of University) with reference to the American system. Gimukyoiku (compulsory education) time period is 9 years, 6 in shogakko (elementary school) and 3 in chugakko (junior high school).
The Ministry of Education closely supervises curriculum and textbooks, and classes with much the same content are taught throughout the country. As a result, a high standard of education becomes possible.
Structure
Nursery School Hoiku-en
Nursery school (hoiku-en) is not, strictly speaking, an educational institution, but rather a type of day-care facility. A child can be admitted to nursery school if the child’s primary caregiver has a job, or must deal with illness in the family. Usually, a nursing school accepts children from the ages of three years until they enter elementary school.
Primary Education
Kindergarten (Yochi-en)
Kindergartens educate children between the ages of three and five. Although kindergartens accept children within the same age range as nursery schools do, the aim of kindergarten is different.
Elementary School (Shogakko)
Elementary school education begins for children at age six, and continues for six years (children must be 6 years of age as of April 2 to enter elementary school).
Secondary Education
Junior High School (Chugakko)
After completing six years of elementary education, students begin three years of education at a junior high school.
Senior High School (Kotogakko)
High schools are classified as regular (Kotogakko) or vocational high schools (Koto senmon gakko). The senior high school program is normally three years, although night schools (yakan koto gakko) offer four-year courses.
Higher Education
Vocational Schools (Senmon gakko)
Vocational schools are intended to provide a vocational or technical education. A foreign national wishing to enter a vocational school must have completed 12 years of schooling in Japan, or the equivalent level which has been recognized by an educational authority and must pass either the 1st or 2nd level of the Japanese Proficiency Test.
Universities (Daigaku)
Universities offer four-year programs, while junior colleges (tandai) normally offer two-year programs. To enter a university or college, a foreign national must have passed the same entrance exam that is given to Japanese students. For overseas (or exchange) students (ryugakusei), see the Japan Student Services Organization.
EDUCATION IN
Education in
Education is nominally free and compulsory for children ages 6 to 16. The government has been responsible for public education since 1905; free lower secondary school began in 1946, but with far too few public schools to meet the need. Although Spanish is the official language of the nation and the primary language of instruction, the 1972 law also established Quechua and Aymará as languages of instruction for non-Spanish-speaking Amerindians, especially in the lowest grades.
As of the early 1980s, the educational system consisted of three levels: pre-school education, consisting of nurseries and kindergartens; basic education, consisting of elementary and lower secondary schools; and higher education (pre-university and university).
I. ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) executes the education function. Its Minister is appointed by the Prime Minister of Japan. The organization of the national administration in education is stipulated according to the principle of legislation in the Fundamental Law of Education and the Law of the Establishment of the MEXT.
The System of Law in
Japanese laws are composed of written laws and unwritten laws. Written laws in which the supreme statute is the Constitution of Japan, are divided into two types of law: one is national laws that are enacted by the Diet, the Cabinet and Ministries, while the other is autonomous ordinances provided by autonomous regional entities and other organizations. The kinds of unwritten laws are customary laws, case laws, construction by administration and rational laws. In
Fundamental Law of Education – Basic Act on Education (Act. 120 of 2006)
Preamble
We, the citizens of
Laws of Education
2006 1947
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(Aims of Education) Article 1 Education shall aim for the full development of personality and strive to nurture the citizens, sound in mind and body, who are imbued with the qualities necessary for those who form a peaceful and democratic state and society.
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Article 1. Aims of Education Education shall aim at the full development of personality, striving to nurture the citizens, sound in mind and body, who shall love truth and justice, esteem individual value, respect labour and have a deep sense of responsibility, and be imbued with the independent spirit, as builders of the peaceful state and society.
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(Objectives of Education) Article 2 To realize the aforementioned aims, education shall be carried out in such a way as to achieve the following objectives, while respecting academic freedom: (i) to foster an attitude to acquire wide-ranging knowledge and culture, and to seek the truth, cultivate a rich sensibility and sense of morality, while developing a healthy body. (ii) to develop the abilities of individuals while respecting their value; cultivate their creativity; foster a spirit of autonomy and independence; and foster an attitude to value labor while emphasizing the connections with career and practical life. (iii) to foster an attitude to value justice, responsibility, equality between men and women, mutual respect and cooperation, and actively contribute, in the public spirit, to the building and development of society. (iv) to foster an attitude to respect life, care for nature, and contribute to the protection of the environment. (v) to foster an attitude to respect our traditions and culture, love the country and region that nurtured them, together with respect for other countries and a desire to contribute to world peace and the development of the international community.
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Article 2. Educational Principle The aims of education shall be realized on all occasions and in all places. In order to achieve the aims, we shall endeavor to contribute to the creation and development of culture by mutual esteem and co-operation, respecting academic freedom, having a regard for actual life and cultivating a spontaneous spirit.
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(Concept of Lifelong Learning) Article 3 Society shall be made to allow all citizens to continue to learn throughout their lives, on all occasions and in all places, and apply the outcomes of lifelong learning appropriately to refine themselves and lead a fulfilling life.
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(Equal Opportunity in Education) Article 4 Citizens shall all be given equal opportunities to receive education according to their abilities, and shall not be subject to discrimination in education on account of race, creed, sex, social status, economic position, or family origin.
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Article 3. Equal Opportunity in Education Citizens shall all be given equal opportunities to receive education according to their abilities, and shall not be subject to discrimination in education on account of race, creed, sex, social status, economic position, or family origin.
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(2) The national and local governments shall provide support in education to persons with disabilities, to ensure that they are given adequate education in accordance with their condition.
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(3) The national and local governments shall take measures to provide financial assistance to those who, in spite of their ability, encounter difficulties in receiving education for economic reasons.
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(2) The national and local governments shall take measures to provide financial assistance to those who, in spite of their ability, encounter difficulties in receiving education for economic reasons.
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Chapter II. Basics of Education Provision
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(Compulsory Education) Article 5 Citizens shall be obligated to have children under their protection receive a general education pursuant to the provisions of other acts.
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Article 4. Compulsory Education Citizens shall be obligated to have children under their protection receive nine-year general education.
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(2) The objectives of general education, given in the form of compulsory education, shall be to cultivate the foundations for an independent life within society while developing the abilities of each individual, and to foster the basic qualities necessary for those who form our state and society.
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(3) In order to guarantee the opportunity for compulsory education and ensure adequate standards, the national and local governments shall assume responsibility for the implementation of compulsory education through appropriate role sharing and mutual cooperation.
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(4) No tuition fee shall be charged for compulsory education in schools established by the national and local governments.
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(2) No tuition fee shall be charged for compulsory education in schools established by the national and local governments.
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Article 5. Co-Education Men and women shall esteem and cooperate with each other. Co-education, therefore, shall be recognized in education.
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(School Education) Article 6 The schools prescribed by law shall be of a public nature, and only the national government, local governments, and juridical persons prescribed by law shall be entitled to establish them.
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Article 6. School Education The schools prescribed by law shall be of a public nature and, besides the national and local governments, only juridical persons prescribed by law shall be entitled to establish them.
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(2) The schools set forth in the preceding paragraph shall, in order to fulfill the objectives of education, provide a structured education in an organized way suited to the mental and physical development of the recipients. It shall be carried out in a way that emphasizes instilling the recipients with respect for the discipline necessary to conduct school life, and strengthening their own motivation to learn.
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[see (Teachers) Article 9]
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(2) Teachers of the schools prescribed by law shall be servants of the whole community. They shall be conscious of their mission and endeavor to discharge their duties. For this purpose, the status of teachers shall be respected and their fair and appropriate treatment shall be guaranteed.
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(Universities) Article 7 Universities, as the core of scholarship activities, shall cultivate advanced knowledge and specialized skills, inquire deeply into the truth and create new knowledge, while contributing to the development of society by broadly disseminating the results of their activities. (2) University autonomy, independence, and other unique characteristics of university education and research shall be respected.
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(Private Schools)
Article 8 Taking into account the public nature of privately established schools and their important role in school education, the national and local governments shall endeavor to promote private school education through subsidies and other appropriate means, while respecting school autonomy.
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(Teachers) Article 9 Teachers of the schools prescribed by law shall endeavor to fulfill their duties, while being deeply conscious of their noble mission and continuously devoting themselves to research and self-cultivation. (2) Considering the importance of the mission and duties of the teachers set forth in the preceding paragraph, the status of teachers shall be respected, their fair and appropriate treatment ensured, and measures shall be taken to improve their education and training.
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(From Article 6, above) (2) Teachers of the schools prescribed by law shall be servants of the whole community. They shall be conscious of their mission and endeavor to fulfill their duties. For this purpose, the status of teachers shall be respected and their fair and appropriate treatment shall be ensured.
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(Education in the Family) Article 10 Mothers, fathers, and other guardians, having the primary responsibility for their children’s education, shall endeavor to teach them the habits necessary for life, encourage a spirit of independence, and nurture the balanced development of their bodies and minds. (2) The national and local governments shall endeavor to take necessary measures supporting education in the family, by providing guardians with opportunities to learn, relevant information, and other means, while respecting family autonomy in education.
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(Early Childhood Education) Article 11 Considering the importance of early childhood education as a basis for the lifelong formation of one’s personality, the national and local governments shall endeavor to promote such education by providing an environment favorable to the healthy growth of young children, and other appropriate measures.
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(Social Education) Article 12 The national and local governments shall encourage education carried out among society, in response to the demands of individuals and the community as a whole. (2) The national and local governments shall endeavor to promote social education by establishing libraries, museums, community halls and other social education facilities, opening the usage of school facilities, providing opportunities to learn, relevant information, and other appropriate means.
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Article 7. Social Education The national and local governments shall encourage education carried out at home, in places of work and elsewhere in society. (2) The national and local governments shall endeavor to attain the aims of education by the establishment of such institutions as libraries, museums, community halls, etc., by the usage of school facilities, and by other appropriate means.
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(Partnership and Cooperation among Schools, Families, and Local Residents) Article 13 Schools, families, local residents, and other relevant persons shall be aware of their respective roles and responsibilities regarding education, and endeavor to develop partnership and cooperation.
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(Political Education) Article 14 The political literacy necessary for sensible citizenship shall be valued in education. (2) The schools prescribed by law shall refrain from political education or other political activities for or against any specific political party.
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Article 8. Political Education The political literacy necessary for sensible citizenship shall be valued in education. (2) The schools prescribed by law shall refrain from political education or other political activities for or against any specific political party.
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(Religious Education) Article 15 The attitude of religious tolerance, general knowledge regarding religion, and the position of religion in social life shall be valued in education. (2) The schools established by the national and local governments shall refrain from religious education or other activities for a specific religion.
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Article 9. Religious Education The attitude of religious tolerance and the position of religion in social life shall be valued in education. (2) The schools established by the national and local governments shall refrain from religious education or other activities for a specific religion.
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Chapter III. Education Administration
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(Education Administration) Article 16 Education shall not be subject to improper control and shall be carried out in accordance with this and other acts; education administration shall be carried out in a fair and proper manner through appropriate role sharing and cooperation between the national and local governments.
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Article 10. Education Administration Education shall not be subject to improper control, but it shall be directly responsible to the whole citizens. (2) Education administration shall, on the basis of this realization, aim at the adjustment and establishment of the various conditions required for the pursuit of the aims of education.
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(2) The national government shall comprehensively formulate and implement education measures in order to provide for equal opportunities in education and to maintain and raise education standards throughout the country.
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(3) The local governments shall formulate and implement education measures corresponding to regional circumstances in order to promote education in their respective regions.
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(4) The national and local governments shall take necessary financial measures to ensure the smooth and continuous provision of education.
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(Basic Plan for the Promotion of Education) Article 17 In order to facilitate the comprehensive and systematic implementation of measures for the promotion of education, the government shall formulate a basic plan covering basic principles, required measures, and other necessary items in relation to the promotion of education. It shall report this plan to the Diet and make it public. (2) Local governments, referring to the plan set forth in preceding paragraph, shall endeavor to formulate a basic plan on measures to promote education corresponding to regional circumstances.
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Chapter IV. Enactment of Laws and Regulations
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Article 18 Laws and regulations necessary to implement the provisions stipulated in this Act shall be enacted.
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The Administrative Structure of National Government (as of April 1st, 2006) mainly include the Cabinet, Prime Minister, and the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. The Cabinet has the executive power of administration in
The MEXT (Monbugakusho) is responsible for the establishment and adjustment of education conditions. It also supervises and assists the activities relating to education, as well as giving advice and assistance to local boards of education. When it is necessary, the Ministry makes inquires and gives notices to local boards of education concerning improvements or corrections.
The local education administration plays an important role in the educational management. The local education administration is one of the administrative objects of the Ministry of Education, and it is in charge of research and planning concerning local education administration; guidance and advice concerning the organization and management of local education administration. It also gives measures to check violations of the provisions of laws and regulation or inadequate management, etc.
The educational administration as whole research and planning concerning the promotion of education, science, technology, sports, culture etc; execution and publication of their technical material.
The local educational administration research and planning concerning local educational administration; guidance and advice concerning and management of local educational administration; gives measure to check violations of the provisions of laws and regulations or inadequate management; etc.
Government Structure for Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
The Monbugakusho is divided into the regular Ministry and the Commissioner for Cultural affairs. The principle subdivisions include the following bureaus and their functions are as follows:
Minister’s Secretariat
The Minister’s Secretariat is responsible for general administrative duties, such as personnel affairs, general affairs and accounting. Other responsibilities of the Secretariat include policy coordination and evaluation for the Ministry as a whole, public relations and information technology development related to the administrative functions, organization of international work, implementation of international aid and cooperation, and work on the development of educational facilities.
Lifelong Learning Policy Bureau
In order to promote educational reform, the Lifelong Learning Policy Bureau plans and drafts basic policy, conducts research and analysis on domestic and overseas education, and strives to promote policies on information technology. The Bureau also promotes social education, supports education in the home, and develops various lifelong learning opportunities such as gender equality. The Bureau is also responsible for the maintenance and enhancement of the University of the Air and advancement of specialized training college education and miscellaneous school education.
Elementary and Secondary Education Bureau
In order to advance elementary and secondary education, the Elementary and Secondary Education Bureau is responsible for establishing curriculum standards in elementary schools, lower and upper secondary schools, secondary schools, schools for the blind, schools for the deaf, and schools for the otherwise disabled children and kindergartens. It is also responsible for the enhancement of student guidance and career guidance, the promotion of education for Japanese children living overseas, and the free provision and authorization of textbooks. Lastly, the Bureau is responsible for the system for local education, systems related to government employees working in education, legal standards for class size and staffing numbers for schools, and the payment of school staff.
Higher Education Bureau
In order to advance higher education, the Higher Education Bureau is responsible for the formulation of basic policies for higher education, the establishment and approval of universities, junior colleges and colleges of technology, university entrance examination and the conferring of degrees, duties related to student welfare guidance, the scholarship loan program, and the promotion of student exchanges. In addition, to promote private education, the Bureau is also responsible for approving the establishment of school corporations, guidance and assistance on the management of school corporations, and the subsidization of private schools.
Science and Technology Policy Bureau
The Science and Technology Policy Bureau are responsible for the planning and drafting of basic science and technology policies. The Bureau is also responsible for the formulation of research and development programs, the promotion of research evaluation, the training of researchers and specialists, regional science and technology promotion, promoting the understanding of science and technology, the promotion of a comprehensive policy on international research exchange, duties related to safety regulations, and environmental surveys for nuclear reactors for experimental research and radioactive isotopes, etc.
Research Promotion Bureau
The Research Promotion Bureau is responsible for promoting a wide range of scientific research, from the humanities and the social sciences to the natural sciences, by establishing academic research institutions and provision of assistance for academic research. It is also responsible for promotion of research and development in such areas as life sciences, information and communications, nanotechnology and materials, and quantum and radiation research, as well as for strengthening coordination between industry, academia, and government and
Research and Development Bureau
The Research and Development Bureau is responsible for promoting research and development centered on large-scale projects, such as research and development on earthquakes, disaster reduction, the ocean, the earth, and the environment; the promotion of Antarctic observation, the International Space Station (ISS) Program and other research; the development and utilization of space; and research and development on nuclear power, nuclear fusion promoting the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project and nuclear fuel cycle including the prototype fast breeder reactor ”Monju”. The Bureau is also responsible for areas related to nuclear energy policy, including the peaceful use of nuclear energy.
Sports and Youth Bureau
The Sports and Youth Bureau is responsible for promoting policies to encourage sports and improve children’s physical strength. These policies include enhancement of physical education in schools, realization of a lifelong sports society and the improvement of international competitiveness in sports. The bureau is also responsible for the enhancement of health education, including education on dietary habits, enhancement of school safety and mental care, promotion of school health, etc., and promotion of fostering health in youth, including promotion of experiential activities for youth, measures to deal with problem behavior, promotion of children’s reading activities, etc.
Director-General for International Affairs
Acting as the Secretariat for the Japanese National Commission for UNESCO, in accordance with the Law Concerning UNESCO Activities, the Director-General for International Affairs is responsible for promoting UNESCO activities. The Office also works on negotiations concerning Free Trade Agreements, Economic Partnership Agreements, and services trade in the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Agency for Cultural Affairs
The Agency for Cultural Affairs is responsible for activities aimed at the promotion of culture, as well as international cultural exchange. These include cultivation of artists and support of creative artistic activities; support for the promotion of culture in communities; designation of national treasures, important cultural properties, important tangible and intangible folk cultural properties, historic sites, places of scenic beauty and natural monuments; preservation and passing down of intangible cultural properties; maintenance and dissemination of copyright systems; improvement and dissemination of the Japanese language and Japanese language education; promotion of international cultural exchange; maintenance and establishment of cultural facilities; and advancement of Ainu culture. The Agency is also responsible for religious affairs.
SCHOOL BOARDS AND DECENTRALIZATION
Educational Administration at the Prefectural and Municipal Level
In
The Japanese Board of Education system was made by drawing from the example of
The Municipal Boards of Education which establish public elementary schools and lower secondary schools need to cooperate with the heads of municipalities regarding financing of general education because the boards don’t have authority over budgeting. Also, they need to explain the meaning and contents of the philosophy of independent general administration because municipality heads are concerned with educational administration. In addition, the distinction between the theoretical philosophical level and actual practice is needs clarification under decentralization policies, since these are directly linked to the recent revisions of the Law concerning the Organization and Functions of Local Education Administration.
The board of education is a council system of organization that usually consists of members. While the board of education has the right to decide policies about the management and enforcement of educational / academic / cultural administration from a broad point of view, a major duty of the superintendent of the board of education as an expert on educational administration is the actual execution of policies. The superintendent is required to attend all meetings of the board and to give advice on proceedings.
Educational administration in Japan has been characterized as rigidly uniform and centralized in the pre-war period, after pre-war era, Japan adopted a decentralized system of educational administration for that actually The Public schools established by municipalities and Local School Boards have authority to manage them.
The responsibility and management of educational administration was given to local authorities with the enactment of, Boards of Education Law in 1948. Along with this act school boards were established.
School boards are set up in all prefectures, cities and towns, so school boards are established in all municipalities around
At the prefectural level, school boards mainly manage senior high school, and city town school boards manage the elementary and junior high school.
The central government, trough the MEXT continues to impose various kinds of restrictions on local school boards, for instance as national standards of curriculum have heavy government regulations, local school or local school boards do not have the power to shuffle personnel and they do not have financial authority, either.
Reform Movements in Educational Administration (Decentralization)
Until the 1960s, post- World War II reforms focused mostly on educational administration. After the 1970s, reforms shifted from centralization to decentralization. The Board of Education Law in 1948 enabled Japanese educational administration to start over based on the principle of democratization. During the 1950s, when the key policy concern was to secure political neutrality in education, the Board of Education Law was revised and the Law concerning the Organization and Functions of Local Educational Administration was enacted. These reforms promoted centralization of educational administration. We can see the prototype of the educational reform steps taken since the 1980s in the Report of the Central Council for Education based on the three principles (respect for the individual, transition to a lifelong learning system, accommodation to the changes in society such as internationalization and information exchange).
When comparing the pre-war and the post-war Japanese educational philosophy and responsibility there are three prominent features. First, before World War, legislation of educational laws was based on the principle of Imperial Ordinance. After the war, it switched to the principle of legislative enactment embodied in the Constitution of Japan and the Fundamental Law of Education. Second, before the war, education was a national affair, not autonomous. While the Government was responsible for administration of schools and personnel management, regional entities were responsible for maintenance of school plan and the pay for teachers. After the war, whereas regions have responsibilities for education based on the principle of decentralization, the national government retains the functions to provide guidance and advice to the regional bodies. Third, before the war, educational authority in
II. EVALUATION OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND
SUPERVISION IN
The evaluation is today perhaps one of the issues with greater role of Education, and not because it is a new issue at all, but because administrators, educators, parents, students and the whole society in its Together, they are more aware than ever of the importance and impact the fact of being assessed or evaluated. There is perhaps a greater awareness of the need to achieve certain aspects of quality education, appropriate use of resources, time and effort, and other pro the level of competition between individuals and institutions is also major.
Decisions on the evaluation are numerous and complicated. Some affect their function, others to the model chosen, and others, finally, the use of information obtained and the consequences of the evaluation. The evaluation may have two different purposes: first, administrative control and accountability, on the other, improving the functioning of schools. In the first case, the objective of the evaluation is to learn about the functioning of schools to see if they meet the educational objectives set. In this way the education authorities can detect the most important problems and to make decisions it deems appropriate. Normally the implementation of this feature often leads to some kind of external evaluation. The systems used are routine self-evaluation and internal evaluation, though it can be completed with some type of external evaluation.
The evaluation is being done by teachers or the educational community of each school. It is an activity that must be part of the normal processes of learning. Its advantages are obvious: they know better the school, its history and its main features, problems that may have been there in the past and the present condition and the relationship between the various data that are obtained.
7. School Evaluation and School Management Evaluation in
After the World War II a reform period that school evaluation was introduced into
Educational Reform and School evaluation after World War II
A lot of theories, practices, and thoughts of education in the
There were things like work-shops and handbooks that concerned the Ministry of Education tentative plan. There were concerning the influences on the practices, the content of evaluation, and the method in details at public schools. Studies of the school evaluation of the
“The Political structure of 1955” and School Evaluation under the Appointment System of the Board of education System Centralization of education System and Confrontation at school Site.
After the war, the school personnel felt strong reflection that school education had assisted ? to the war. In labor union activities of them, the school personnel recited the maintenance of the peace constitution and the ban of the atomic and hydrogen bombs experiment. Their one of biggest slogan was “we must never send the battlefield our pupil.” and the appealed for the autonomy of education.
“The political structure of 1955” gave the educational policies substantial changes. The board of education system was changed from the public election system by residents in region derived from American model, to the appointment approval system by the head of local government because the law of local educational administration was enacted in 1956. The power of the Ministry of Education to local educational administration was strengthened. Minister of education?had the power that gave official approval the textbook used schools in the textbook screening system in 1953.
Some schools tried school evaluation from 60’s to 70’s. However, the school evaluation of 60’s to 70’s was only a mere ideal or an idea in the realities that the administration of public school were strengthened. Afterwards, the school evaluation boom occurred in the 80’s again. However, it can be said that a structural distortion of management at school, the above-mentioned, continued to the of “the political structure of 1955”, until the beginning of the 90’s.
Deployment of School Evaluation?Concepts and View
Saburo koda (1964) was pioneering scholar who had multilaterally discussed problems of school evaluation. Koda included three deployments of school evaluation just after World War II mentioned above, and had serialized “Introduction to school evaluation” (1967-1968) to “School management studies journal”, and discussed problem of school evaluation multilaterally.
The educational management scholars strengthened the concern from evaluating 2school” to evaluation “Management school”. However it can be said that the school evaluation concept of Koda was different from other disputants because his concepts concerning teachers at schools and staff’s specialties were assumed to be a base.
Controversy over Concepts and View of School Evaluation
Tanako (1962) pointed out that evaluating school education and evaluation school management were undifferentiating in a lot of school evaluation concepts and views. He discussed the necessity for identifying “Evaluation of education” and “Evaluation of school management” He described for evaluating of school to have to include this evaluating of both aspects, and to be planned from each function side.
Maki?(1975) pointed out, “School management evaluations clarified the content and the method more than school evaluation”
Yoshimoto (1979) described “if the school management is not functioning essentially, the school evaluation becomes the covering principle of the whole area but the grasp by the evaluation becomes monotonous.”
School evaluation was discussed until 70’s by a dichotomy between the two diagram 2school evaluation” or “School management evaluation”. And, “School management evaluation” concepts and views became superior, and these arguments were settled once in 80’s. However, a rapid change in society and the information society have progressed from 90’s to today. Actually we need to understand public schools being as “Evaluate concerning the school” and investigate the function and the structure of the school evaluation in the public educational administration system.
Evaluation of Educational Administration
A lot of educational administration scholars were pointing out not only the self evaluation of the school but also the necessity of external valuation and evaluation of educational administration.
Nagaoka (1978) discussed to be necessary for the school evaluation to be done by the collaboration of the school, educational administration, universities, and research laboratories. Moreover, Tanako (1998) pointed out the aspect that the problem of educational administration was clarified by evaluating the inside at the school from the angle of the profession, too.
The evaluating concepts and view of educational administration are related to the evaluating concepts and views of school management.
Modern Function of school Evaluation – The opportunities of school evaluation in
Each public school was requested to establish independent and autonomy. The concrete strategy is “Self-check and self-evaluation of school” and “conditions and results of school management need to be announced.” These were instituted to be obligated.
The government guidelines for teaching has been revised every about ten years. Received the report of central education Council in 1998, Curriculum Council in December 1998 located the implementation of the self-check and the self evaluation as a responsibility of each school to understand the established situation of the government guidelines for teaching. As a result, the school evaluation was stressed further more.
The establishment of the school evaluation system including the external evaluation instituted, the Board of education of prefectures and the ordinance-designated cities were received trust from MEXT, and they work on research and development of the school evaluation. In the correspondence of the MEXT these results, the self-check and the self evaluation by education board and school bear a big function.
Modern Trends of Studies concerning School evaluation in
A lot of researches and practitioners may fall the approach of the school evaluation. The reason is that the understanding of the past failures is shallow and the problem of preventing established of school evaluation cannot be clarified. We need studies and practices to over come these problems. The school evaluation does not have studied accumulation enough. A lot of boards of education have mainly advanced the school evaluation manual making with schools and scholars of education who advise to them. The trust of MEXT is received, each administrative division’s board of education has advanced studying concerning the school evaluation after the enforcement of the school requirement for establishment in 2002. They have made the guidance book, the manual, and the guideline concerning the school evaluation.
As for school evaluation manual in administrative divisions, the following various features are seen.
l Checklist methods and questionnaire methods.
l “school external evaluation” or “ School evaluation by persons outside”, questionnaires by guardian, and mention concerning “ The School Councilor System.”
l Evaluation of class activities and school events on school year schedule.
l “Plan, Do, See” shift to the “plan, do , check, action” of management cycle.
l Relevancy of public sector evaluation and policy assessment.
l Mid-term and long-term vision.
l Mention concerning “The school wonderful trait is made”.
These are advices concerning school management of organization.
In conclusion School Evaluation is “Evaluation of school that has aimed at developing ideal ways by which school is improved”.
Public school in
When school was able to put out the potential, “school evaluation as the strategies for the school organization development” will become possible. Public school should be established originality, independent, and the autonomy and restructure as a strong organization.
Self -Evaluation
In order to improve standards of education and to achieve its goal, schools should make efforts to undertake self-inspection and self-evaluation about educational activities and other aspects of school management and to publish the results.
Self- inspection and self-evaluation of schools has become an obligation. A regulation providing for a similar obligation was added to the criteria for school establishment for schools at other educational levels such as upper secondary schools and specialized training colleges.
Generally, school evaluations are based on “management in accordance with objectives” derived from business management methods. In practical terms, school evaluations are conducted based on the “Plan, Do, Check, Action cycle.”
It is important that numerical target sand action targets are set during annual planning phases in schools in order to evaluate progress. There are, however, some problems that derive from the difficulty in quantifying aspects and outcomes of school educational goals and targets each academic year.
External school assessments have not become obligatory under existing ordinances. However, many schools voluntarily have started to assess the validity of self-inspections and the self-evaluations. The main approach is to survey opinions of parents to help them to participate in accountability. Third party school assessments have been introduced in some schools and are carried out by third parties such as educational researchers, sometimes by involving them in the school boards.
Personnel Evaluation of Teachers and Professional Development
A large number of corporations have introduced the principle of competency- and performance-based evaluation. This principle seeks to include or make use of the process of goal achievement in personnel evaluation.
Evaluation can be classified into the following three categories:
l Regular evaluation – implemented regularly for all employees, more than once a year, except for probationary employees.
l Probationary period evaluation – implemented for probationary employees at a set time, five months after the start date of employment.
l Unscheduled evaluation – implemented on an unscheduled basis for employees who are determined by evaluators to be in need of appraisal. Often in such cases as job transfer, reinstatement, and promotion of the employees, as well as when it is difficult to implement fair appraisal by regular evaluation or on the date a probationary evaluation.
|
Evaluated employee
|
Evaluator
|
Coordinator
(who adjust evaluations)
|
|
Principal
|
Superintendent of prefectural ( municipal) education board
|
None
|
|
Non-principal
School teacher (teachers, school nurses, assistant teachers, assistant school nurses, instructors, administrative employees)
|
Principal of the employee’s school
|
Superintendent of prefectural ( municipal) education board
|
Work performance evaluation covers a wide variety of items, including a wide range of teacher indispensability’s, and the elements covered in evaluation, i.e., assignments, characteristics, and abilities, remain major criteria for appraisal. Although teacher organizations have apposed work performance evaluation, it has become a fixed institution.
Self-assessment of and Interviews on goals
Teachers implement self-assessment on self-set goals, and have interviews with principals in order to explain their perspectives and content of their goals.
Principal and teachers augment their mutual understanding regarding specific teacher task and on-the-job challenges, as well as the state of school operation. Trough interviews. Principals discuss teacher goals with them and help finalize the goals from the perspective of examining compliance of teacher goals with school and group goals, as well as expected roles for each teacher; further developing teacher abilities; fostering of teachers over the medium and long term, and teachers collaborating with fellow teachers.
Methods and Content of Teacher Evaluation
The purpose of teacher evaluation is to set goals, plan in accordance with the set goals, as well as for enhancing and improving motivation, qualifications, and skills, as well as for enhancing and improving school operations for the following school year. In order to fulfill this purpose, evaluation should be easy to understand and persuasive for teachers. It is also desirable that evaluation leads to improvement of specific abilities and enhancement and improvement of school operations.
School principals are expected to evaluate teachers by sharing common understanding with them and considering multiple aspects of evaluated teachers. Principals also refer to the opinions of students, guardians, and the teachers’ colleagues.
Absolute evaluation is applied at three appraisal categories: performance, ability, and overall appraisal. Three grade levels of A, B and C – with B being overall having achieved goal and possesses the basic ability to carry out work responsibilities.
Evaluating of the Management – Differences with Teacher Evaluation
Principals, as managers and supervisors, have responsibilities for teacher execution of their duties and their own schools. As such, they are expected to have the ability to process jobs and leadership and crisis managements skills.
Teachers are evaluated in carrying out their duties, with specific viewpoints, whereas principals are evaluated in their abilities for task-setting, solving problems, and organizational operation as managers and supervisors in situations where they are required to use their abilities.
2. SUPERVISION OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN
2.1 Definitions
Following a definition, Supervision means the act of watching over the work or tasks of another who may lack full knowledge of the concept at hand. Supervision does not mean control of another but guidance in a work, professional or personal context.
For example in a classroom the term can also mean a tutorial, that is, a meeting between a student or small group of students and a teacher responsible for their learning.
In childcare and general use, the verb "to supervise" means to watch over, and is often used in the context of an adult watching children to ensure they are attended, acceptably behaved, and safe.
School Supervision is thus a method of teaching staff to act in more conscious ways.
Its goal is to provide teachers and supervisors with more information and deeper
insights into what is happening around them. This increases the options teachers
have as they work with students. If the partnership between supervisors and
teachers works, teachers learn to identify and resolve their problems, while supervisors get a better idea about what is happening in different classrooms. This
provides supervisors with more opportunities to think about their actions and
emotions and to adopt conscious plans to improve the learning situation.
Roles of School Supervisor:
l Administrative Role
Procure resources
Provide leadership and direction
Establish and enforce rules and standards, policies and procedures
Establish and maintain boundaries
Adhere to prevailing societal laws
Create and maintain a team-based atmosphere
l Managerial Role
Establish and maintain a communication system
Distribute the workload
Establish and clarify staff roles
Protect and maintain resources
Work within effective timeframes
l Educational Role
Teach values and belief system of agency
Teach skills
Provide and/or support educational program
Teach discipline and correction
Provide information about agency history
Provide coaching and mentoring to promote staff development
l Service and Support
Nurture physical and personal wellbeing
Respect staff members
Resolve conflict among staff
Support all staff consistently in the way most suited to each person
Demonstrate empathy and concern for staff
Communicate with staff
2.1 School Supervision in
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) may offer necessary guidance, advice and assistance to local boards of education and local educational personnel on curriculum standards, methods and techniques of instruction, guidance and school management, trough direct or indirect methods as follows:
l Official notification to prefectural or municipal boards of education,
l Supervision of local boards of education and, trough local boards, supervision of public schools.
l Conduct of conference and workshop on a nation-wide scale for principals, supervisors and teachers.
l Publication of guides, manuals and handbook for teachers.
A number of school inspectors and senior specialists for curriculum are employed in the ministry. School inspectors of the ministry provide guidance on elementary education.
Senior specialist for curriculum serve full-time and their function is to conduct research and study on the standards of curriculum for the school level and subjects areas which they are assigned, and to give prefectural boards of education and advice and assistance on the curriculum. Direct guidance and advice to elementary and lower secondary school teachers are given by the prefectural and municipal boards of education.
The supervision section give guidance and advice to schools, conduct conferences and workshops for principal and teachers and publish guides, manuals or handbooks for teachers, based on the central policy for supervision, and taking into consideration the specific situation of the prefectures concerned. The principal supervisory personnel of prefectural boards of education are supervisors, who are assigned for guidance on curriculum, teaching, and other professional matters related to school education within their prefecture. School supervision is the primary function of supervisors. Supervisor must be experienced professional educators with thorough understanding of the curriculum, teaching methods and objectives and other professional matters related to school education.
III. EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN
Education in
3.1 History of Education in
Education in pre-Inca cultures There is no oral or written records about a school system organized into the pre-Inca cultures. But the degree of evolution that reached some indirect evidence of their existence. Each culture because of its competitive advantages and expertise in a specific field would have developed an ideal way of training, for example could explain the work in metalwork, ceramics or textiles that are preserved until today, and whose technique is perfected with the passing of time and unfortunately that would be lost along with the achievements of many other cultures.
Education in the Inca Formal education, according to the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, was founded by the Inca Roca and distributed by Pachacutec, was designed exclusively for the elite real and subsequently for the children of conquered Curaca At this level are educated to be managers and leaders. the Amauta were teachers, a man famous in the philosophy and moral contents were based on arithmetic and astronomy needed for an economic organization based on agriculture. The Haravicus, who were the inventors of poems; the Willac Umu, were transmitters of knowledge of the Divine Office. Learning the Quechua was mandatory for political reasons that more educational.
The education we gave the Amauta was an education and strict punishment is practiced.
Education in the Viceroyalty In the Colony was necessary to Christianize the people defeated and transform them into loyal subjects. It is re-educate the Indians give instruction to adults and children and young people in training, indoctrinating them and teach them the rudiments of social life for European use them to the State; this was called to elementary education, because there were other bodies like the University (founded 1551) to which only had access to the aristocratic caste, holders of political and economic power; intermediate education, which educated the Creoles, mestizos and some wealthy merchants; college of chiefs, which starts from 1536 until it is abolished by Simón Bolívar.
But the
Maximum of the
The Royal College of San Martín, founded by the Viceroy Don Martin Enriquez of Almansa in 1582, where he conducted studies of jurisprudence. San Idelfonso, run by the Augustinian. San Antonio de Abad (
Colegio de
History of Educational Administration in
The Peruvian Education face from long-standing problems inherent in its administration and management, with experience that the history of education must not forget, let’s see:
Nuclei school peasants, were created in 1946 in the government of Dr. José Luis Bustamante and Rivero, in each core there was a complete primary school equipped with arable land, grain, workshops, etc..
Subsequently had the experience of Pre-Vocational schools.
In the’50s was made the first National Plan of Education, created the School unit, common and technical, were organized regions, is strengthened inspections and monitoring Primary Technique.
In 1962, we began the decentralization of the education sector, created 4 regions. In 1972, at the time of the Education Reform was created Nuclei Educational Commons, was organized around 600 cores, which were consolidated into directorates within Area and Regional.
The dominance of administrative tasks on pedagogy and participation, which did not reach the nuclei develop their activities.
In 1975, with the economic crisis led to spending cuts that affected the equipping of schools and cores, and remuneration of teachers.
The administrative reorganization of 1972, I think the INABEC, the National System of the University and the Peruvian Geophysical Institute of Peru, which became part of the budget of Education.
In the second half of the eighties, the supervisions and subsequently Educational Service Units (USE) replaced the nuclei and the Directorates Area. USEs currently are called UGEL (Local Education Management Unit).
3.1 Organization of Educational Administration in
l The System of Law in
Fundamental Law of Education no. 28044 (July 28th, 2003)
Constitution of
l Structure of the education system (Educational levels)
Early Education and Initial starts from 0 to 2 years old and from 3 to 5 years old for the initial level. Is to enhance sensitive periods, which are appropriate moments in which the child will easily assimilated some learning. It is therefore important to know where to focus educational efforts as the ages of the children by providing opportunities. Where the child is the protagonist of his apprenticeship with the internal and external actors to provide optimal conditions for the deployment of its capabilities.
Objective of the Early Education The goal of early education is to foster the development of the child, through a rights approach where the parents involved (domestic servants), people from around the child to educators / promoters / (external agents ) Implemented early education centers (CET) with strategies based on the free play and the role of children.
Primary Education It begins with the first cycle, comprising the 1st and 2nd grade. The entry age for children is 6 years old. This level starts in 1st grade and ends in the 6th grade, for purposes curricular sets 3 training cycles: I cycle (1st and 2nd grade), II cycle ( 3rd and 4th grade), and III cycle (the 5th and 6th grade) thus become secondary.
Secondary Education Secondary education consists of 5 years: 1st the 5th year. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th secondary, as it is one of the educations that fewer people could pass with satisfaction.
Higher Education The technological colleges, public and private offer 3-year career title behalf of the nation as Vocational and Technical also get less recognition that universities, but it depends on the performance of students.
University education exists in Peru University Law No. 23,733; in force since 1983, which sets the guidelines, principles and rules of organization of universities. However, Legislative Decree No. 882 "Law for the Promotion of Investment in Education", has allowed several universities operate without the legal framework of the previous law, giving greater autonomy in the administrative part.
No university education In Peru, non-university education: technical institutes, educational institutes, occupational centers, etc., are under the guardianship of the Ministry of Education, which is responsible for providing licenses for operation.
Special Education This section is empty or is it an outline. You can help expand this section.
Quality Law No. 28740, the National System for Quality, Evaluation and Certification (SINEACE) is a system to promote quality education in the country through the establishment of agencies operators certifying the quality of educational institutions, from the level basic, technological and university. but does not perform its work
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Constitution of
TITLE I
CHAPTER II: CONCERNING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS
Article 13.
The purpose of education is the integral development of the human person. The State recognizes and guarantees the freedom of education. It is the duty of parents to educate their children and their right to select schools and to participate in the educational process.
Article 14.
Education promotes the knowledge of training in, and the application of, the humanities, science, technology, the arts, physical education, and sport. It prepares for life and work and encourages solidarity. It is the duty of the State to promote the country’s scientific and technological development. Ethical and civic training and the teaching of the Constitution and of human rights are mandatory in the entire civil or military educational process. Religious education is provided in keeping with freedom of conscience.
Education is provided at all levels subject to the constitutional principles and the goals of the educational institution involved. The communications media must cooperate with the State in education and in moral and cultural development.
Article 15.
The teaching faculty in public education are civil servants. The law determines the requirements for the position of school principal or professor as well as their rights and obligations. The State and society insure their constant evaluation, training, operationalization, and development.
The student is entitled to instruction which respects his identity as well as to appropriate psychological and physical treatment.
Any person, natural or juridical, has the right to develop and manage schools and to dispose of the latter’s property, in accordance with the law.
Article 16.
Both the educational system and its regulation are decentralized. The State coordinates educational policy. It formulates the general framework of the curricula [lineamientos generales de los planes de estudios] as well as the minimum requirements of the organization of educational centers. It oversees their implementation and the quality of education.
It is the duty of the State to insure that no one should be prevented from receiving an adequate education on account of his economic circumstances or his mental or physical disabilities.
Education is given priority over the ordinary items [recursos ordinarios] in the Budget of the Republic.
Article 17.
Early education, primary and secondary, are mandatory. In public schools, education is free of charge. In State universities, the government guarantees free education to those students who maintain an adequate standard but lack the economic means to defray the cost of education.
In order to insure the greatest choice in the educational offering and to favor whoever is unable to defray their educational expenses, the law determines the method of subsidizing private education in every form, including community and cooperative modalities.
The State encourages the creation of educational centers wherever the citizenry may require them.
The State guarantees the eradication of illiteracy. Similarly, it promotes bilingual and inter cultural education, according to the characteristics of each district. It preserves the diverse cultural and linguistic manifestations of the country. It promotes national integration.
Article 18.
The goals of university education are professional training, cultural diffusion, intellectual and artistic creativity, and scientific and technological research. The State guarantees academic freedom and rejects intolerance. Universities are supported by private or public institutions. The law sets the conditions for the authorization of their operations. A university is a community of faculty, students, and graduates.
Also forming part are the trustees, in accordance with the law. Each university is autonomous in its standards, governance, academic, administrative, and financial affairs. Universities are administered according to their own bylaws in keeping with the Constitution and the laws.
Article 19.
The universities, institutions of higher learning, and other educational centers established according to the relevant legislation are free of all direct and indirect taxes pertaining to assets, operations, and services related to their educational and cultural objectives. As regards import duties, a special regime may be established on specific purchases.
Donations and scholarships for an educational purpose benefit from tax preferences in the form and according to the limits sets by law. The law determines the taxation procedures under which the said institutions operate as well as the requirements and conditions that other cultural centers must meet and which may exceptionally also enjoy the same benefits.
As for private educational institutions that collect revenues which under the law rate as taxable earnings, a profits tax may be levied on them.
Article 20.
Professional colleges are autonomous institutions recognized by public law. The law identifies those cases where membership in an association is mandatory.
Fundamental Law of Education no. 28044 (July 28 th, 2003)
Article 12 .- Universal Basic Education
To ensure the universalization of basic education throughout the country and sustenance of human development, education is compulsory for students in the levels of early, primary and secondary schools. The state provides public services needed to achieve this goal and ensures that the time is equated education with international standards. It is up to parents, or those in their stead, ensuring the timely enrollment of students and retention in schools and educational programs.
Article 27 .- The Distance Education
Distance Education is a form of the educational system characterized by the simultaneous or deferred interaction between the actors in the educational process, facilitated by technological means that foster independent learning. It applies to all stages of the education system, according to the regulations in this area.
This mode is designed to complement, enhance or replace education attendance to address the needs and demands of the people. It helps to expand coverage and learning opportunities.
Article 29 .- Stages of the Educational System
The education system comprises the following steps:
a) Basic Education
Basic Education is intended to promote the integral development of the student, the deployment of its potential and developing skills, knowledge, attitudes and values that the person should possess to act appropriately and effectively in the various fields of society.
With an inclusive serves the demands of people with special educational needs or learning difficulties.
b) Higher Education
Higher Education is aimed at research, development and dissemination of knowledge to the projection to the community; to achieving high levels of professional competence, in line with demand and the need for sustainable development of the country.
Article 32 .- Organization
Basic Education is compulsory. When provided by the state, is free. Satisfies basic learning needs of children, youth and adults, considering the individual characteristics and socio-cultural learners. It is organized in:
a) Basic Education Fair
b) Alternative Basic Education
c) Special Basic Education
·School Boards and decentralization
The ministry of Education in
The direction and management of the Ministry of Education, is entrusted to the Minister of Education, as provided in Article 119 of the Political Constitution of Peru (1993). By constitutional mandate, it shall endorse the decrees and resolutions of the Supreme bouquet. Also, as every minister, and it relates directly to issue its own initiative, devices that are the so-called ministerial resolutions. Law no. 26510 gives the Minister of Education the power to approve by Supreme Decree, with the approval of the Council of Ministers, the internal organization of the Ministry of Education. Among the main functions, the Minister issued directed, executes, monitors and evaluates the sectoral policy on education, science and technology, culture, sport and recreation, consistent with the General Policy of the State and national development plans. The Minister is empowered to propose projects of legislative decrees, emergency decrees, supreme decrees and resolutions relating to the sector and endorsed as appropriate.
Prefectural Level
Regional Education Directorates (DRE)
The DRE, by definition and purpose, according to Law No. 28044, is an expert body, which is awaiting transfer to the regional government and is responsible for the education service of this Region. Aims to promote education, culture, sport, leisure, science and technology, ensures the smooth running of educational services and care programs, with quality and equity, which coordinates with the permanently Local Education Management Unit (UGEL) and Institutions of Higher Education non-University.
The regions of
Peruvian regions are subdivided in provinces and districts. According to the Regionalization Law which was passed on November 18, 2002, is divided into 25 regions (regiones; singular: región)
1. DRE Amazonas
2. DRE
3. DRE
4. DRE Ayacucho
5. DRE Cajamarca
6. DRE
7. DRE
8. DRE Huancavelica
9. DRE Huánuco
10. DRE
11. DRE Junín
12. DRE La Libertad
13. DRE Lambayeque
14. DRE
15. DRE
16. DRE Loreto
17. DRE Madre de Dios
18. DRE Moquegua
19. DRE
20. DRE
21. DRE Puno
22. DRE San Martín
23. DRE
24. DRE Tumbes
25. DRE
The Regional Director of Education is the highest-level official with hierarchical, with Authority and Power to take decisive decisions and management according to law.
Duties:
a) Have the articulation Pedagogical Regional Policy, under the National Education Policy with the view of the Participatory Regional Education Board.
b) To comply with and enforce the functions approved by Law No. 28,044 – General Education Act and the provisions of the DS. 009-2005-ED.
c) the diversification drive curriculum at the regional level in coordination with the Local Education Management Units.
d) Monitor, assess the management and operation of the units to office, the Institutes of Technology and Higher Educational Public and Private, by taking timely preventive measures and corrective relevant.
e) agreements and contracts in Subscribe gain the support and cooperation of the national and international community, with educational institutions of higher education does not serve the university that improving the quality of education in the region, according to the established rules on the matter.
f) Implement measures to modernize and strengthen the administrative management at the Regional Bureau for Education in Metropolitan Lima and in the Technology and Higher Educational Institutions Public Accountants.
g) To advise, assist and supervise the Technical Education Units of Educational Management and Local Government and Private Higher Institutes.
h) To promote counseling and support for access to quality care and progressive to students with special educational needs in coordination with the Local Education Management Units.
i) Authorize, in coordination with the Local Education Management Units, the operation of public and private educational institutions.
j) To evaluate periodically and systematically the achievements of the region in education and supporting the actions of assessment and measurement developed by the Ministry of Education.
Local Level
The Local Education Management Unit (UGEL)
The Local Education Management is an instance of decentralized implementation of the regional government with autonomy in its area of competence. Provides educational support, Institutional and Administrative to educational institutions under its jurisdiction, to ensure a quality service with equity in cooperation with local governments.
DRE Lima Metropolitana
UGEL 01 – San Juan de Miraflores
Districts: San Juan de Miraflores, Villa María del Triunfo, Villa el Salvador, Lurín, Pachacamac, San Bartolo, Punta Negra, Punta Hermosa, Pucusana, Santa María, Chilca.
UGEL 02 – Rimac
Districts: Los Olivos, Independencia, Rimac, San Martín de Porras
UGEL 03 – Lima
Districts: Cercado de Lima, Lince, Breña, Pueblo Libre, San Miguel, Magdalena, Jesús María, La Victoria, San Isidro
UGEL 04 – Comas
Districts: Comas, Carabayllo, Puente Piedra, Santa Rosa, Ancón
UGEL 05 – San Juan de Lurigancho
Jurisdicción: San Juan de Lurigancho, El Agustino
UGEL 06 – Ate Vitarte
Districts : Santa Anita, Lurigancho – Chosica, Vitarte, La Molina, Cieneguilla, Chaclacayo
UGEL 07 – San Borja
Districts: San Borja, San Luis, Surco, Surquillo, Miraflores, Barranco, Chorrillos
DRE Lima Provincias
UGEL 08 – Cañete
UGEL 09 – Huaura
UGEL 10 – Huaral
UGEL 11 – Cajatambo
UGEL 12 – Canta
UGEL 13 – Yauyos
UGEL 14 – Oyón
UGEL 15 – Huarochiri
UGEL 16 – Barranca
DRE Callao UGEL – Callao
DRE Amazonas 1 UGEL
DRE Apurimac 1 UGEL
DRE Arequipa 1 UGEL
DRE Ayacucho 1 UGEL
DRE Cajamarca 1 UGEL
DRE Cusco 1 UGEL
DRE Huancavelica 1 UGEL
DRE Huánuco 1 UGEL
DRE Ica 1 UGEL
DRE Junín 1 UGEL
DRE La Libertad 1 UGEL
DRE Lambayeque 1 UGEL
DRE Loreto 1 UGEL
DRE Madre de Dios 1 UGEL
DRE Moquegua 1 UGEL
DRE Pasco 1 UGEL
DRE Piura 1 UGEL
DRE Puno 1 UGEL
DRE San Martín 1 UGEL
DRE Tacna 1 UGEL
DRE Tumbes 1 UGEL
DRE Ucayali 1 UGEL
Duties:
l Direct, coordinate, guide and monitor the implementation of policy and legislation on education, culture and recreation of its jurisdiction.
l To advise and provide technical assistance to educational institutions in charge of education, encouraging the teaching work focused on learning, fostering innovation, research, adaptation and diversification of the curriculum, improving the utilization of educational resources, software development prevention and educational activities of non-formal.
l Promote the diversification and suitability of the Basic Curriculum Programs of different levels and types of education at school and classroom. They also provide support and ongoing monitoring to ensure the implementation and operation of the respective programs.
l Promote and advise schools and educational programs implementation of innovations, research projects and / or pedagogical experiments conducted by the Central Headquarters of the Ministry of Education. To promote teamwork, the development of the initiative and creativity to generate synergies.
l Promote, implement and support actions ongoing training of staff as well as the improvement of educational quality and strengthening its management capacity.
l Encourage and support the implementation of programs that ensure students in training in values, in developing a culture of peace and work, as well as the skills required for their insertion into the working world and in democratic life.
l Monitor and ensure that educational activities are conducted according to schedule, avoiding the loss of class hours at the Centers and Educational Programs.
l Support the measurement of the quality of education that runs the Central Headquarters of the Ministry of Education.
The Ministry of Education (1)
Regional Education Directorates
(DRE – Direccion Regional de Educacion) (25)
Local Education Management Units
(UGEL) (39)
(Instituciones Educativas) SCHOOLS (87,090) (66,409 Public Schools and 20,681 private Schools)
Educational municipalization (Spanish: Municipalización Educativa)
What is Municipalization Educational Management?
It is a pilot scheme which applies in 47 district municipalities in the country. It aims to improve the quality of education received by students in educational institutions through the implementation of a management model with the democratic participation of the municipality and the local education school board in the local development plan and the decentralization process.
Why is it important?
l the municipal authorities responsible will ensure the smooth functioning of the institutions where they studied their own students;
l it develops educational infrastructure further to provide adequate amount of help for students according to the culture of the community;
l teachers and principals will be selected in a transparent manner through professional preparation and fitness;
l to distribute suitable, sufficient and timely educational materials. It will work with calendars and schedules that are consistent with needs, production, trade, cultural and social aspects of the locality.
l to implement projects that educational institutions formulated which are consistent with local development plans.
What comprised this organization?
Each municipality has a Municipal Board of Education or CEM (Centro Educativo Municipal), the governing body of educational management at the local level. The Municipal Board of Education or CEM is chaired by the municipal mayor together with the representatives of all CONEI (Consejo Educativo Institucional) from all educational institutions within the municipal jurisdiction.
How is the program supported?
UGEL (Unidad de Gestion Educativa Local) supports the implementation of the actions which are formulated by the CEM for the city, in favor of educational institutions in improving the quality of education. It is also supported by the municipality by providing technical assistance in administrative, personnel, logistics operations.
The Regional Bureau of Education supports the programming and implementation projects and activities that the city and municipal council of education developed in the performance of their functions and powers. The DRE (Direccion Regional de Educacion) also provides support to the municipality by generating activities involving pedagogical and institutional management which are required to be provided for.
The Committee on Transfer Ministry of Education, is the body responsible for supervising the process of municipalization educational management by establishing guidance and technical criteria for its implementation.
3.2 Evaluation and Supervision of Educational Administration in
3.2.1 School Evaluation in
The educational evaluation in
Article 9. Processes for assessing the quality of education
9.1 Assessment processes for the improvement of educational quality are:
self, external evaluation and accreditation.
9.2. In the case of the accreditation process, the processes of the preceding paragraph are stages sequence of it. The national operator and establishes the specific requirements of each stage.
Article 10 Accreditation Process
The accreditation process consists of the following steps:
a) Stage Pre-accreditation process
b) Self-evaluation
c) External Evaluation
d) Accreditation
Article 11 pre-deployment stage accreditation process It comprises the following:
a) Decision of the institution or program accredited
b) Informing the operator of the organ credited decision
c) Selection of the valuation entity
d) Appointment of a mentor for the valuation entity
e) Adaptation of the institution or program to the standards and criteria for accreditation based on a strategic plan, developed with support from the mentor.
Article 12 Self-Evaluation
12.1 Self-evaluation is the assessment process conducted by the institutions themselves or educational programs with the participation of its stakeholders, namely students, alumni, teachers, administrative authorities, parents and interest groups, aimed at improving of quality.
12.2. Self-evaluation carried out by the institution may be part of the accreditation process or be independent of it, as a component of the process of self-regulation.
12.3 When the self is made for accreditation, the institution or program will use the standards, criteria and procedures approved by the national operator question.
12.4 The outcome of the self is a report that is sent to the valuation entity to their study, with supporting documentation as appropriate. The structure of the report self-evaluation and supporting documentation are provided by the national operator. The report includes the views of the mentor about the process of adaptation.
Article 13 External Evaluation
13.1 The external evaluation is the process of analysis and assessment is made to a program or an educational institution, run by a valuation entity that has existing authorization issued by the body corresponding operator. The external evaluation shows the veracity of the self that has been done by the educational institution or program.
13.2 It is run by a review committee composed of three to five pairs academic appointed by the entity responsible for the evaluation process. The specific requirements of academic peers determines the body operator.
13.3 The institution or program can challenge the composition of the review committee if
believes it has a conflict of interest with some of its members, which would affect necessary impartiality of the process.
13.4 The external evaluation consists of the following:
a) Receipt of the self-assessment report accompanied by a request for evaluation, from
the institution or program.
b) Designation of the evaluation committee.
c) Review of self-assessment report.
d) Visit the verification of the evaluation commission at the headquarters of the institution or program. The visit
lasts three to five days depending on the complexity of the subject of evaluation.
e) Preparation of the report of the evaluation committee.
f) Presentation of the preliminary report to the institution or program, with comments
concerned, if any.
g) Removal of the remarks by the institution or program.
h) Development of the final report by the commission evaluator
i) Proposal on accreditation by the governing body of the valuation entity.
j) Report on the proposal to the body operator.
k) Decision of the body operator on the accreditation of the institution or program.
l) Report of the body OPERATOR to the institution or program evaluator about the decision.
13.5 The proposal for the valuation entity can be in any of the following alternatives:
a) accredited program or institution. Is granted when it meets all the standards and
evaluation criteria.
b) institution or program with conditional accreditation to rectify weaknesses that persist after the external evaluation. These weaknesses should be such they do not affect significantly the quality of the processes and results. The national operator sets deadlines for the cure.
c) not accredited program or institution. It is awarded when identified weaknesses affecting the quality of the processes and results of the institution or program. In this case, the
accreditation process is back to pre-accreditation process.
Article 14 .- Accreditation
Accreditation is the formal recognition of the quality demonstrated by an institution or program education, granted by the State, through the body corresponding operator, according to the report assessment issued by an external evaluator Entity, duly authorized, in accordance with existing rules. The accreditation is temporary and renewal necessarily imply a new process of self and external evaluation.
Teacher Evaluation
Since of the year 2006, the Ministry of Education has implemented an National Examination to all teachers, with a stable work or contract work, who work in public schools. In the same way teachers graduates, that applying to the area of educational management.
Program for incorporation into the Magisterial Public Career Service is done through
a national test, which has several forms according to the requirements for
magisterial level and area of performance to which posited the professor. The results are published by strict order of merit on the website of the Ministry of
Education and, moreover, are sent in an official manner for dissemination to the Directions
Regional Education and Local Education Management Units, which correspond
to their respective jurisdictions. Access to it is for Magisterial Public Career
strict order of merit.
For a teacher to the next level teachers must pass the national examination that consists of the following:
Verbal and logical reasoning, as well as knowledge of curriculum and academic specialty.
3.2.1 Supervision of Educational Administration in
The Supervision Team of the Ministry of Education jointly with the DREL and the UGEL make the educational supervision to public schools, according to an annual schedule.
The supervision and verification caution that the construction curriculum is consistent with the mission, vision and pedagogical principles of the school, enabling the development of skills that the student possesses as a person. The monitoring guides and promotes the development of curriculum, the school calendar of extracurricular activities, and so on., According to local or regional characteristics, needs and possibilities of students and the demands of the community.
The service of educational supervision of
Supervisors and specialists from the Ministry of Education only go to visit some schools in each region once a year, these schools are chosen strategy and the results are used as samples. In the case of the DRE and the UGEL have the function of supervising all school districts in the region twice a year.
THE PLAN OF SUPERVISION
It should be clear that the monitoring plan is part of the Annual Plan of Work.
Then a proposed outline of the monitoring plan.
SCHEDULE
I. DETAILS OF THE BODY
1.1.1 Entity or i.e.
1.1.2 Mission
1.1.3 Diagnostics (in synthetic form)
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTIVITY
2.1.1 Objectives
2.1.2 Issues and / or aspects to monitor
2 .1.3 Shows (only if the surveillance is partial)
2.1.4 techniques and instruments to monitor
2.1.5 Timeline of tasks
* Planning.
* Implementation.
* Evaluation – report.
III. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN
3.1.1 Organization of the team (assigning responsibilities)
3.1.2 Allocation of resources (cost of materials, tickets, etc.).
TECHNIQUES FOR FIELD WORK
OBSERVATION OF CLASS
Using this technique aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses of teaching experience on a learning session, in line with its planning. To do so is as follows:
*Entry interview with the teacher to be monitored, to explain what will be our job.
*Observing a teacher in class. The information is collected from the activities of the Teacher in a document prepared for it. Compared with the programming and the bi-monthly lesson plan. Is the analysis and interpretation of data collected.
* Exit interview. It was a conversation with the teacher about your strengths and weaknesses. This stage is important to start asking the teacher a self-assessment of their performance. Only then will the advice and provide guidance for improving their performance.
*New observation of the teacher in class. We carried out a second future supervision on another opportunity to see if the teacher has overcome the weaknesses identified. The efficiency of the supervisor must be translated into improved teacher performance.
In the teacher-supervisor that the teacher should be avoided falling into the situation of supervised simple, because in that case dependency only brings responsiveness to suggestions and guidelines imposed by another (the supervisor), lost the most significant impact of supervision, which is the liberation of the creative talent of the teacher. It is not therefore a reason of subordination, or psychological or hierarchical, but a partnership, which must govern this fundamental relationship: teacher-supervisor.
IV. COMPARATIVE TABLE ON EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION BETWEEN
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TOPICS
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DIFFERENCES
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SIMILARITIES
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Free and Compulsory education
The system of Education
Higher Education
Facilities in Schools
Academic year and schedule
School Teacher and subjects
Economic status of Teachers
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9 years
It is from elementary school 6 years to junior high school 3 years. For children between the ages of 6 and 15.
6-3-3-4
Kindergartens are distinctively separate from elementary schools.
At the secondary level, all lower-secondary schools in
There are more special schools for the handicapped children than in
Japanese students require 4 years to complete the undergraduate courses.
There are more universities in
All elementary and secondary schools in
Most of public schools have swimming pools, Science and Art are also well equipped.
In
Most of teachers in
There are different scales of teachers’ salary among kindergarten, elementary school and lower secondary school teachers. And public school teachers in
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11 years
It is from elementary school 6 years to lower secondary school 5 years. For children between the ages of 6 and 16.
6-5-5
Most of Peruvian schools do not provide for only one level of education. In public and private schools, the pre-primary, the primary and secondary education are usually operated together. Peruvian kindergartens are generally included in elementary schools.
And most of elementary schools are included in secondary schools.
There is no differences between lower and upper-secondary schools.
Studying at the university level, Peruvian students are usually required 5 years to complete the undergraduate courses.
In contrast, there are no music rooms, science rooms, and art rooms in most of Peruvian schools.
In
All educational institutions in
But most of Peruvian teachers graduated from the non-university education (Educational Institute for Teachers).
In
Peruvian teachers have no bonus at all.
The monthly salary is about 30, 000 yens.
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Both countries have a system of compulsory and free education beyond the 9 years.
Students in the two countries are required to study for six years at the primary levels.
Similar to the Japanese, kindergarten and elementary school teachers in
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The System of Law
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Fundamental Law of Education – Basic Act on Education (Act. 120 of 2006)
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Fundamental Law of Education no. 28044 (July 28th, 2003)
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Each country has its laws of education based on development of the individual.
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School boards and decentralization
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At the prefectural level, school boards mainly manage senior high school, and city town school boards manage the elementary and junior high school.
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At the prefectural level, school boards manage the schools and the Institutes of Technology and Higher Educational Public and Private.
At the local level, UGEL manages the elementary and secondary school.
The Ministry of Education in
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Each country has institutions that facilitate decentralized management of education.
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The Municipal Boards of Education which establish public elementary schools and lower secondary schools need to cooperate with the heads of municipalities regarding financing of general education because the boards don’t have authority over budgeting.
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In just two years ago,
Currently the UGEL is responsible for administering the education budget of the schools in each district.
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School Evaluation
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The concrete strategy is “Self-check and self-evaluation of school” and “conditions and results of school management need to be announced.”
The external evaluation to be done by the collaboration of the school, educational administration, universities, and research laboratories.
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The educational evaluation in
There are many schools throughout the country that are not yet evaluated by this system.
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Evaluation of Teachers
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School principals evaluate teachers.
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Since of the year 2006, the Ministry of Education has implemented an National Examination to all teachers, with a stable work or contract work, who work in public schools, but it is only a theoretical test.
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School Supervision
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The supervision section give guidance and advice to schools conduct conferences and workshops for principal and teachers and publish guides, manuals or handbooks for teachers.
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Supervisors and specialists from the Ministry of Education only go to visit some schools in each region once a year, these schools are chosen strategy and the results are used as samples. In the case of the DRE and the UGEL have the function of supervising all school districts in the region twice a year, but supervisors do not give guidance and advice to school.
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V. CONCLUSION
“The education plays a very significant role in the development of the country”.
Though
Educational administration in
Their own ways and under different conditions, the Japanese and the Peruvian government are now trying the best in dealing with education. Both are carrying out several current education policies for the economic, social and cultural development of the nation.
After studying the educational administration in
Implications for the Educational Administration in
ORGANIZATION
l In
l
l The Peruvian government should make the national administration unified as rapidly as possible. Like in
SCHOOL EVALUATION
l School evaluation in
l It is necessary for the school evaluation to be done by the collaboration of the school, educational administration, universities, and research laboratories.
l The government should emphasize the quality of teacher, not only through a national assessment, but with training and pedagogical guidance. Teachers must be evaluated in carrying out their duties, with specific viewpoints, and principals must be evaluated in their abilities for task-setting, solving problems, and organizational operation as managers and supervisors in situations where they are required to use their abilities.
SCHOOL SUPERVISION
l School supervision should be made by experts and specialists in the field of education, however many times when supervisors go to school, only supervise the class of teachers, without providing proper guidance or training to teachers.
l As well as in Japan, The supervision section must give guidance and advice to schools, conduct conferences and workshops for principal and teachers and publish guides, manuals or handbooks for teachers, based on the central policy for supervision, and taking into consideration the specific situation of the prefectures concerned. Supervisor must be experienced professional educators with thorough understanding of the curriculum, teaching methods and objectives and other professional matters related to school education. Because in
Implications for Educational Administration in
Though Peruvian education seems to be less interesting and still far behind
l Local school boards should have the power to shuffle personnel and they also should have financial authority.
l Focusing on juku, though going to juku aims for supplementary instruction, for special assistance for upper secondary school and university entrance examination, and for other purpose, it introduces some inequality to education system. Not all students are able to obtain their services because juku attendance costs money. If going to juku is necessary for all students, I wonder whether the quantity and quality of education provided in ordinary schools are not sufficient for them.
The organization, evaluation and supervision of education in Japan shows clear and concrete examples of proper educational administration that the Peruvian system must learn to handle.
VI BIBLIOGRAPHY
Administering Education: International Challenge/edited by Meredydd Hughes.
Educational Administration and management in
Educational Administration Glossary / Edward L. Dejnozka-Westport, Conn:
Educational Organization and Administration: concepts, practices and issues by Edgard L. Morphet, Rue L. Johns and Theodore L. Reller, second edition Englewoods (liff, N.J. Prentice-Hall) 1967
Gestion Educativa en el Peru by Estela Fernandez, Editorial San Marcos 2004
Gestion de la Educacion Administrativa en el Peru
Home Page (http://ciberdocencia.gob.pe/)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
Home Page (http://www.mext.go.jp/english/)
Ministry of Education in
Home Page (http://www.minedu.gob.pe/)
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